स्थविराणां जराकासः सर्वो याप्यः प्रकीर्तितः  ।।  (च.चि.18/30 )  स्थविराणामित्युक्त्वाअपि जराकास इति वचनेन स्थविराणां यो जरया देहक्षयकारिकया कृतः स याप्यः , यस्तु दोषकृतः स साध्य एव भवतीति दर्शयति । अन्ये तु जराकासं दोषकृतेष्वेवान्तर्भावयन्ति।।  आचार्य चक्रपाणि ।। Jarakasa As many elderly patients may present with pre-existing conditions, it is important to enquire about their medical history. Many of the common causes of cough are associated with medical conditions affecting older people e.g. chronic bronchitis, hypertension treated with ACE inhibitors, and heart failure.  The kasa in old age becomes difficult to cure due to the fibrosis of lungs which takes place. Respiratory system ages and these functions gradually decline over time. Similar to the other muscles in your body, the muscles that support breathing become weaker. The weakening of these muscles can prevent from inhaling and exhaling enough air. As a result, person may start breathing more shallowly to compensat

अतिव्यवायभाराध्वयुद्धाश्वगजवि ग्रहैः । रुक्षस्योरः क्षतं वायुःगृहीत्वा कासमावहेत् ।।  स पूर्वं कासते शुष्कं ततः ष्ठीवेत् सशोणितम् ।  कण्ठेन रुजता-अत्यर्थं विरुग्णेनेव चोरसा ।।  सूचीभिरिव तीक्ष्णाभिः तुद्यमानेन शूलिना ।  दुःख स्पर्शेन शूलेन भेदपीडाभितापिना ।।  पर्वभेद ज्वर श्वास तृष्णा वैस्वर्य पीडितः ।  पारावत इवाकूजन् कासवेगात्क्षतोद्भवात् ।। (च.चि.18/20-23)  अयं च कासः साहसज यक्ष्मरुपे अपि उक्तो ज्ञेयः ।(आचार्य चक्रपाणि) The features of kshataja kasa resembles with sahasaja rajyakshma. A pulmonary contusion (or lung contusion) is a contusion (bruise) of the lung, caused by chest trauma. As a result of damage to capillaries, blood and other fluids accumulate in the lung tissue. (रुक्षस्योरः क्षतं वायुःगृहीत्वा कासमावहेत् ।।)  The excess fluid interferes with gas exchange, potentially leading to inadequate oxygen levels (hypoxia). Unlike pulmonary laceration, another type of lung injury, pulmonary contusion does not involve a cut or tear of the lung

The etiopathogenesis of vaataja kaasa- (Acharya Charak, Acharya Chakrapani , The Harrison , and me) rūkṣa, śīta, kaṣāya, alpa, pramitānaśan, striyaḥ  vēgadhāraṇam, āyāsō are the triggering factors (pravartaka) for vātaj kāsa. Rūkṣata brings dryness in the tract or in other words reduce the mucosal secretion (kaphaṁ śuṣkaṁ), sita and kashaya rasa are known to have constricting effect whereas alpa, pramitanasan and stri atisevan causes reduce nutrition of the dhatu.  Vegadharan especially adhovega i.e mala, mutra, purisa and apan vata helps the apan vayu to get udan bhav apanna as upward movement of apan vata takes place i.e. diaphragmatic movement is increased as discussed above.  Further excessive exercise increases the breathing rate and also has impact on the ciliary movement of the respiratory tract. All the respiratory passages, from the nose to the terminal bronchioles, are kept moist by a layer of mucus that coats the entire

[05/08 19:12] Satyendra Ojha sir:                                       Ch.Chi 18/ 7-9   Cough Reflex:  The bronchi and trachea are so sensitive to light touch that very slight amount of foreign matter or other causes of irritation initiate the cough reflex. The larynx and carina (the point where the trachea divides into the bronchi) are especially sensitive, and the terminal bronchioles and even the alveoli are sensitive to corrosive chemical stimuli such as sulfur dioxide gas or chlorine gas. Afferent nerve impulses pass from the respiratory passages mainly through the vagus nerves to the medulla of the brain. There, an automatic sequence of events is triggered by the neuronal circuits of the medulla, causing the following effect.  First, up to 2.5 liters of air are rapidly inspired.  Second, the epiglottis closes, and the vocal cords shut tightly to entrap the air within the lungs.  Third, the abdominal muscles contract forcefully, pushing against the diaphr